Introduction:
Activated on December 3rd, 2025 and including 12 EIPs, the Fusaka upgrade advances both Ethereum’s L1 scaling and its blob scaling roadmap. Fusaka also signals Ethereum’s commitment to sustainable fee dynamics and the long-term monetization of blobs.
Scaling Blobs
Fusaka scales blob capacity through Blob-Parameter-Only (BPO) upgrades (EIP-7892), specifically BPO1 and BPO2. These updates are complemented by PeerDAS (EIP-7594), which introduces Peer Data Availability Sampling. While BPO increases the target blob count, PeerDAS ensures the network can handle this increased data load by allowing nodes to verify blobs without downloading them in their entirety.
BPO upgrades are lightweight protocol updates that adjust only blob-related parameters without introducing broader execution or consensus changes. These upgrades increase Ethereum’s data availability capacity, supporting rollups and other L2 systems that rely on blobs for data availability. BPO1 activated on the 9th of December 2025, increasing the target blob count per block from 6 to 10 (with a maximum of 15). BPO2 activated on the 7th of January 2026, further raising the target from 10 to 14 blobs per block (with a maximum of 21).
Scaling L1 Gas
EIP-7935 set the default L1 block gas limit to 60M (implying a 30M target); however, the network reached this level shortly before the fork via validator signaling, which allows gradual gas limit adjustments independent of hard-fork activation.
Sustainable Economics for Blobs
Historically, the majority of ETH burned has come from L1 gas fees. With the introduction of blob fees, Ethereum added a second onchain burn mechanism. While blob-related burn is currently small relative to execution gas fees, it is growing as blob usage scales. Fusaka reinforces Ethereum’s commitment to the long-term monetization of blobs, ensuring that increased blob adoption contributes to the network’s economic sustainability.
EIP-7918 Deep Dive
EIP-7918 introduces a floor on blob gas price by bounding the blob base fee to execution gas prices, ensuring that the cost of 'GASPERBLOB' blob gas cannot fall below the equivalent execution cost ('BLOBBASECOST' × 'basefeepergas'). When this floor binds, excess blob gas accumulates without subtracting the target, tightening the blob fee market and anchoring blob pricing to L1 execution economics.
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